Ethical Issues in Healthcare Free Essays

string(80) " emotional problems and depressive symptoms after abortion \(Rosenfeld, 1992\)\." ABSTRACT The aim of this essay was to explore the many ethical dimensions of contemporary healthcare in terms of abortion. Abortion rates in the UK have been reported, as has abortion globally as an increased method of population control. The reasons for abortion, are varied, including abortion as a contraceptive, attitudes to human life, and disability and eugenics, all of which have been discussed. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in Healthcare or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a clear need for the ethical implications of abortion to be addressed in relation to the thoughts, feelings and attitudes of healthcare professionals working with women either considering or opting for an abortion. INTRODUCTION A medical abortion has been defined by the National Abortion Federation (Dudley and Mueller, 2008) as a termination â€Å"that is brought about by taking medications that will end a pregnancy† (p.1). The NAF further clarify that, â€Å"The alternative is surgical abortion, which ends a pregnancy by emptying the uterus (or womb) with special instruments† (p. 1). Abortions are permitted under the Abortion Act 1967 (UK Government, 1967) by a registered medical practitioner subject to certain conditions. Research by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that abortion rates are steady, at 28 abortions per 1,000 women globally (Sedgh et al., 2008). A quarter of pregnant women in the world have either an unwanted birth or an abortion (Aguirre, 2007). In England and Wales, figures from the Department of Health (DH) show a slight rise of 0.3% in abortions, from 189,100 in 2009 to 189,574 in 2010 (DH, 2011). Almost half (49%) of the women opting for abortions in 2010 were in a partnership, while 26% were single, and 16% married (DH, 2011). The abortion rate in girls under 16-years of age was 4.0 in 2009, reducing to 3.9 in 2010 (DH, 2011). Rates for girls aged 15-19 years old were also lower in 2010 compared to 2009, although rates in women aged 30-37 years of age were higher. With such a large percentage of the population being subject to an abortion, many health professionals are confronted with the moral and ethical issues surrounding abortions. For example, according to Brody (1972), a woman should not consider the option of having an abortion when the foetus has developed biologically and genetically, into what is classed as a human being as opposed to a collection of cells. He maintains that this life, albeit in the early stages, has the same value as any other human life and therefore should be afforded the same rights. Whilst some pro-life groups or anti-abortion movements advocate that it is always inappropriate to have an abortion as it is ultimately not allowing the creation of a new human life (Harris, 1985, Schultz and Van Assendelft, 1999), a more open-minded view would be that a woman has the right to pursue an abortion (Warren, 2009). Indeed, it could be argued that each incidence and each woman should be measured on their own merit as to whether their actions contravened the foetus’ right to life and human rights. Another contrasting view would be to look at an abortion as a woman acting in self-defence in such instances whereby continuing with the pregnancy could or would damage health or even threaten the life of the woman (Warren, 2009; MacGuigan, 1994). Indeed, evidence supports the fact that where there is a â€Å"choice† between the continuation of a woman’s life or that of a foetus’, the woman’s body will instinctively act in self-preservation to the detriment and potential termination of the pregnancy. It is this type of incidence, in particular, that raises the need for the application of ethical theories. ETHICAL ISSUES IN ABORTION The relationship between abortion and contraception highlights its own ethical dilemma, which can shift the burden of responsibility from the pregnant woman to health professionals and those in authority. For example, studies conducted by Marston and Cleland (2003) reveal that abortion is not deliberately used as a method of contraception, but is more so used due to a lack of knowledge or understanding by the pregnant woman. Therefore, it is the obligation of policy-makers and healthcare professionals to ensure that information and contraception are readily available and easy to understand. This is essential in the empowerment of women, allowing them to take control of their lives and enabling them to take all possible measures against an unwanted pregnancy. Education is considered to be the easiest and most open non-invasive measure, which where necessary can be provided confidentially, obtained in private, and in some instances contact with a health centre or medical staff is not necessary. However, there will always be cases where an emergency or medical abortion is necessary, no matter how well informed or prepared a woman may be. Thus, contraception focuses on the importance of starting with and prioritising women’s needs regarding abortion concerns. In order to improve medical services, healthcare professionals need to ask questions about the level of knowledge the woman has about abortion, in addition to considering relevant ethical issues (International Consortium for Medical Abortion, ICMA, 2012). They must ensure that the woman has all the information regarding potential risks and problems, that measures to reduce levels of pain are implemented, and that the women is aware of what to expect prior, during and after the procedure (ICMA, 2012). Additional staffing is also necessary for the provision of more efficient medical services, as well as more empathetic and highly trained staff. Furthermore, those women who are considering an abortion must have their concerns and the circumstances surrounding their own ethical dilemmas addressed (Tremayne, 2000; Karasahin and Keskin, 2011). It has been argued by Rosenfeld (1992) that â€Å"healthy women who want to complete an unintended pregnancy in the first trimester have few significant or negative emotional consequences† (p. 137). Although a few women may have feelings of ambivalence or guilt, many also feel a sense of freedom and experience other positive reactions, including relief. However, the emotional response of a woman and her family to medical or therapeutic abortion is complicated. A number of factors may help address women at risk of emotional problems and depressive symptoms after abortion (Rosenfeld, 1992). You read "Ethical Issues in Healthcare" in category "Essay examples" Women who terminate their pregnancy during the second trimester, have a history of multiple abortions, have pre-existing psychiatric problems or have a lack of support at home are more likely to have emotional problems (Rosenfeld, 1992). By being aware of this, health professionals can implement the appropriate pre- and pos t-abortion care. This is also the case for women who have an abortion for medical or genetic reasons. These women are at increased risk of developing depressive symptoms and therefore health professionals are required to provide the appropriate psychological as well as medical support (Boss, 1994). Blumberg et al. (1975) explains, â€Å"Perhaps the role of decision making and the responsibility associated with selective abortion explains [sic] the more serious depression following [the abortion]† (p. 805). Medical ethics related to abortion are most relevant when they focus on the individuals choosing to have an abortion, as opposed to just health professionals carrying out the abortion or treating the aftermath. To this end, a philosopher, focusing on medical ethics can play a vital role in exposing problems which exist within hospitals.There is an enormous demand for philosophers within the healthcare setting, suggesting a common ethical, moral and social viewpoint that could facilitate advice-giving to health professionals (Polaino Lorente, 2009). International Ethical Codes In the Hippocratic Oath, abortion is connected to medical ethics in both its actual form and contemporary reformulation such as stated in the World Medical Association’s 1948 Declaration of Geneva (Kivity, Borow and Shoenfeld, 2009). According to this oath, all members of the human race have a right to life and this is agreed globally in conventions such as: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1949) Declaration of the Rights of the Child, which clearly refers to such rights as applying to the unborn (1959) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976). However, the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children’s (SPUC’s) opposition to abortion is dependent on ethical principles which have masked universal acceptance (SPUC, 2012a). While the SPUC consists of members from many different religions, it is not an organisation based on religion. Nevertheless, this highlights the need of a focus on common acceptable (as opposed to religious-based) ethical dimensions in contemporary healthcare, especially in terms of considering the ethical implications of abortion. Abortion in the United Kingdom The main reason for legalising abortion in Britain was the suspected number of illegal abortions being carried out. Pro-abortionists indicated that every year, there were 100,000 illegal abortions before legalisation (SPUC, 2012b). The committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists provides evidence that in England and Wales, there were 15,000 illegal abortions annually in 2007 (Event, 2008). Thus, in the UK, the application of ethical theories along with related approaches to practical dilemmas in healthcare focusing on abortion is particularly important and relevant. Actual counts of legal abortions The Abortion Act was agreed in 1967 and a year later it became effective as a statute in England, Wales and Scotland. For the period of 30 years following the implementation of the Act, year on year the total number of abortions performed rose by 700% (SPUC, 2012b). In Britain, five million abortions were performed over this period. Yearly, 170,000 abortions occurred during the 15 years prior to 1997. It was over 187,000 in 1998, with more than 510 abortions a day, which was 87% higher than the pro-abortionists’ estimate of illegal abortions in the 1960s (Sedgh et al., 2012). Reasons for abortion Although more than 90% of abortions are authorised and performed to protect the mother’s physical or mental health, the majority of these abortions are performed for social reasons rather than medical reasons, and this has become widely accepted (Corkindale et al., 2009). Indeed, in Britain abortion is efficiently practised on demand (Ingham et al., 2008). This poses further ethical implications for healthcare professionals since abortion is no longer only considered for medical reasons, but is frequently a social choice and a method of solving an unexpected or unwanted pregnancy (Koyama et al., 2005). Contraception and abortion Although the pro-life movement is reluctant to make a connection between contraception and abortion, with some contraceptives there is both a link to abortion and identification with abortion (Smith, 1993). Indeed, some contraceptives are abortifacients and work by causing early term abortion. Furthermore, the number of abortions cannot be stopped primarily by contraception since pregnancy prevention also results in an anti-child state of mind; such unplanned babies are observed only as the unwanted result of contraceptive failure. The eugenics movement Eugenic ethics is protected as a religious belief, political philosophies, and judicial systems, and it is the reverse of the code that all human beings have equal value (Kasun, 1988). The mentality of the eugenic adjudicators is unusually narrow compared to physical, psychological or social situations (Connelly, 2008). This leads to disabled and unborn groups. Thus, issues of disability and eugenics are remarkably relevant to the application of ethical theories focusing on practical dilemmas in healthcare. Foetal tissue in medical research The major source for research into foetal tissue is from babies that are the result of induced abortion; such research consists of the human genome project. If permission is given, the dead bodies may well be used for research, but a mother aborting her child would not likely provide such support. In research, the use of foetal tissue seems to justify abortion because it can be used to assist in the health and life of other people. At the same time, it could be argued that such research is morally wrong because it neglects the unborn baby’s right to life (Nie, 2002). Abortion and disability Every abortion involves an assumption that the existence of unborn babies is of lesser value than an adult human’s life. It could be argued that abortion due to a disability diagnosed in the unborn child is not only an attack on the most vulnerable but on one who it is necessary to protect. It is also offensive to all disabled community members as it transmits to them the sense that they are inferior to, as well as of less worth than, the able-bodied (Sheldon and Wilkonson, 2010). Pre-natal screening In Britain, most pregnant women are offered regular pre-natal testing. It is a crucial activity, which has resulted in a greater number of women who may not have considered it before going on to have an abortion. Such tests are presented and if the results are positive for a disability, the immediate option given to parents is to make a choice between either continuing with the pregnancy or having an abortion. Britain offers pre-natal screening for disabilities only where a routine ultrasound has highlighted a potential problem, there is family medical history to suggest a child may inherit a condition, or the age of the mother puts her child at an increased risk of having, for example, Down’s syndrome. In cases of artificial insemination, before implantation and hopefully fertilisation, the embryo is screened. Whilst still in the test tube embryos are monitored to determine their sex and genetic conditions, but can be superfluous. This approach prevents embryos from continuing to live (Hundt et al., 2011). Thus, medical and nursing professionals working in healthcare related to abortion must address the issues related to pre-natal screening adequately. Gene technology Genetic science is used to enhance the well-being of humanity, through exploration into gene therapy and to care for people with, for example, a genetic condition such as cystic fibrosis. However, this technology may be misused in order to limit human life. Genetic engineering attempts to engineer babies by manipulating their genes in the laboratory. However, the source from the genetic map position in the human genome program may be misused (Heinrichs, 2002). DISCUSSION The topic of abortion raises moral and ethical issues that need to be addressed by physicians, nurses, and clinic staff involved with conducting abortions. While abortions for medical reasons are legal in Britain, some staff may question the procedure for personal and religious reasons. Those staff who are pro-life (and see abortion as akin to murder) will likely seek work in other settings and thus alleviate their sense of guilt. Obstetricians, who often participate in the act of abortion, will need to have a professional view that sees the action as ethical, although some may hold private views of its morality, perhaps influenced by religious beliefs (Chervenak and McCullough ,1990). For example, health professionals might ask the question, â€Å"When is the foetus a patient?† The answer is when it is viable, regardless of age of gestation. Indeed, it could be argued that only the woman carrying the foetus can give a pre-viable foetus patient status. If the foetus is c lassified as a patient, it can be further argued that ending its life is almost never ethically justified. The statistical data discussed within this essay indicate that few abortions are actually for medical reasons, but rather for personal, social and economic reasons. This has generated a great deal of discussion in terms of the ethics of abortion. Since the procedure is primarily used by the lower economic classes (who perhaps become pregnant because of lack of knowledge about birth control), abortion can be seen as a method to keep the future population of those likely to require government assistance in welfare and medicine somewhat reduced. As yet, there doesn’t appear to be any political or ethical writer ready to take this issue up. Some groups (such as African Americans) see this as an attack on their race. Feminists likely support the procedure if it is the wish of the pregnant woman. Many health workers would continue to support abortion on demand as it eliminates reliance on illegal abortions, which were often dangerous to a woman’s health, as was a huge pro blem in the past. A few points should be made about the ethical issues posed by new technologies (such as embryos in stem cell research, sex selection and gene manipulation). In all of these cases, decisions are being made to limit viable life. Outka (2002) raised questions about the ethics of human stem cell research. Many good embryos are destroyed for the sake of research. This is seen as clearly unethical. Outka concludes that it is acceptable to conduct research on ‘excess’ embryos by appealing to the principal of â€Å"nothing is lost.† Modern science has made it easy to determine the sex of the foetus at a very early stage. If the sex is female (and the parents already have a girl), will they seek an abortion Is the doctor or clinic likely to raise moral and ethical concerns In many cultures, a son is deemed necessary, so with new technologies many female foetuses in India and China have been aborted. This raises the question of whether this cultural bias being seen in the large Indian population in the UK? 3.1. CONCLUSION Ethical Issues in healthcare related to abortion are becoming increasingly relevant, as it provides an opportunity for discussion on various dimensions of contemporary healthcare. It also examines the application of ethical theories along with related approaches focusing on abortion. However, it is suggested that medical institutes and hospitals providing safe abortions should be aware of all ethical issues and the human rights implications involved. Their workers, including doctors and nurses, should be trained on the ethical issues of abortion so that they can provide comprehensive medical care to women who consider or opt for an abortion. It is important to explore new opportunities for the in-depth study of ethical dimensions of modern healthcare, which examines the appropriate application of ethical theories and related approaches to effective dilemmas in healthcare focusing on abortion. There are many suitable applications of ethical theories and approaches to an ethical dilemma available, which mainly focus on the international and the population-control development, reasons for abortion, contraception and abortion, birth control and human life attitudes, disability and eugenics, abortion and disability, and other related ethical issues. Nevertheless, there remains a need to address each of these ethical issues specifically in terms of healthcare and the dilemmas experienced by healthcare professionals. REFERENCES Abortion Act, 1967. (C.87), London: HMSO. Aguirre, D.G. and BillingsL. 2007. Unwanted Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortion. TUFH Women and Health Taskforce. [online] Available from: http://www.the-networktufh.org/sites/default/files/attachments/basic_pages/WHLP%20Unwanted%20Pregnancy%20and%20Unsafe%20Ab.pdf [cited 05 May 2012]. Blumberg, B.D., Golbus, M.S. and Hanson, K.H., 1975. The psychological sequelae of abortion performed for a genetic indication. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 122(799-808), p. 806. Boss, J.A., 1994. First trimester prenatal diagnosis: Earlier is not necessarily better. Journal of Medical Ethics, 20(146-151), p.147. Brody, B., 1972. Thomson on Abortion. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1(3), pp.335-340. Chervenak, F. A. and McCullough, L. B., 1990. Does obstetric ethics have any role in the obstetrician’s response to the abortion controversy American Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology, 163(5 Pi), po.1425-1429. Connelly, M., 2008. Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population Cambridge: Belk nap Press of Harvard University Press. Corkindale, C.J., Condon, J.T., Russell, A. and Quinlivan, J.A., 2009. Factors that adolescent males take into account in decisions about an unplanned pregnancy. Journal of Adolescence, 32(4), p.995-1008. Department of Health., 2011. Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2010. [online] Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsStatistics/DH_126769 [cited 05 May 2012]. Dudley,S. and Mueller, S. What Is Medical AbortionNational Abortion Federation. [online] Available from: http://www.prochoice.org/pubs_research/publications/downloads/about_abortion/medical_abortion.pdf [cited 05 May 2012]. Event, F.R., 2008. Proceedings of the International Consortium for Medical Abortion. Reproductive Health Matters, 16(31 Suppl), p.1-204. Harris, J., 1985. Abortion and Infanticide. Journal of Medical Ethics, 11(4), p.212. Heinrichs, L., 2002. Linking olfaction with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, recurrent abortion, hyperemesis gravidarum, and migraine headache. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 186(5 Suppl Understanding), p.S215-S219. Hundt, G.L., Bryanston, C., Lowe, P., Cross, S., Sandall, J. and Spencer, K. 2011. Inside â€Å"Inside View†: reflections on stimulating debate and engagement through a multimedia live theatre production on the dilemmas and issues of pre-natal screening policy and practice. Health expectations an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy, 14(1), p.1-9. Ingham, R. Lee, E., Clements, S.J. and Stone, N., 2008. Reasons for second trimester abortion in England and Wales. Reproductive Health Matters, 16(31 Suppl), p.18-29. Karasahin, K.E. and Keskin, U., 2011. Pain and abortion. Contraception, 84(3), p.337. Kasun, J., 1998. The War Against Population. San Francisco, USA: Ignatius Press. Kivity, S., Borow, M. and Shoenfeld, Y., 2009. Hippocrates’ Oath is challenged. The Israel Medical Association journal IMAJ, 11(10), pp.581-584. Koyama, A. and Williams, R., 2005. Abortion in Medical Institute Curricula. McGill Journal of Medicine, 8(2), pp.157-60. MacGuigan, M., 1994. Abortion, Conscience Democracy. Toronto, Canada: Dundurn, Hounslow Press. Marston, C. and Cleland, J., 2003. Relationships between contraception and abortion: a review of the evidence. International Family Planning Perspectives, 29(1), pp.6-13. Nie, J.B., 2002. Chinese moral perspectives on abortion and foetal life: a historical account. New Zealand Bioethics Journal, 3(3), p.15-31. Outka, G. 2002. The ethics of human stem cell research. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 12(2), pp.175-213. Polaino Lorente, A., 2009. Psychopathology and abortion. Cuadernos de bioetica revista oficial de la Asociacion Espanola de Bioetica y Etica Medica, 20(70), pp.357-380. Rosenfeld, J.A., 1992. Emotional responses to therapeutic abortion. American Family Physician, 45(1), p.137-140. Schultz, J.D., Van Assendelft, A., 1999. Encyclopedia of women in American politics. The American political landscape. (1st ed). Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 195. Sedgh, G., Singh, S., Shah, I.H., Ahman, E., Henshaw, S.K. and Bankole, A. 2012. Induced abortion: incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008. Lancet, 6736(11), pp.1-8. Sheldon, S. and Wilkonson, S., 2010. Abortion and Disability. The disability studies reader. [online] Available from: http://www.prochoiceforum.org.uk/aad5.asp. [cited 05 May 2012]. Smith, J., 1993. The Connection between Contraception and Abortion. University of Dallas. [online] Available from: http://www.goodmorals.org/smith4.htm [cited 05 May 2012]. SPUC, 2012. Abortion briefing. Society for the Protection of Unborn Children . [online] Available from: http://www.spuc.org.uk/education/abortion/briefing [cited 05 May 2012]. The ICMA Information Package on Medical Abortion., 2012. Information for health care providers. INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM FOR MEDICAL ABORTION. [online] Available from: http://www.medicalabortionconsortium.org/about.html [cited 05 May 2012]. Tremayne, S., 2000. Abortion in the Developing World. Journal of Medical Ethics, 26(6), pp.483-484. Warren, M.A. 2009. On the moral and legal status of abortion. In Soifer (ed.). Ethical Issues: Perspectives for Canadians. (3rd ed). Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press. How to cite Ethical Issues in Healthcare, Essay examples Ethical Issues in Healthcare Free Essays Ethical Issues in Healthcare Healthcare ethics involves making well researched and considerate decisions about medical treatments, while taking into consideration a patient’s beliefs and wishes regarding all aspects of their health. The healthcare industry, above any other, has a high regard for the issues surrounding the welfare of their clientele: their patients. This paper will focus on HIPPA, confidentiality, the efficiency and cost of information systems and doctor-patient relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues in Healthcare or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, is a law designed â€Å"to improve portability and continuity of health insurance coverage in the group and individual markets, to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health insurance and health care delivery, to promote the use of medical savings accounts, to improve access to long-term care services and coverage, to simplify the administration of health insurance, and for other purposes. When confidential patient information is disclosed without consent it is a violation of the HIPAA Title II Security Rule. This rule was enacted in response to private information being leaked to the news and emails containing privileged information were read by unauthorized people. Identity theft is a real concern so patient privacy should be taken seriously. This is a rule can easily be broken without the offender feeling any malice towards the victim for example gossip and curiosity. Gossip in a medical office can have devastating effects on a health care facility’s reputation. Employees engaging in idle chatter to pass the time can inadvertently be overheard by patients or family members. Primarily, computer storage and exchange of information is the area where HIPAA intersects with technology. Anytime a computer stores patient information, the computer must have HIPAA precautions. For instance, the computer should only be accessible by certain persons who have a special access code and/or password to utilize the computer. Also, when a computer is not in use, it should be locked and the screen must be inaccessible from unauthorized persons. Furthermore, monitors and screens should be turned away from the public to prevent anyone from seeing private medical information. http://www. ehow. com/about_5220807_hipaa-law-affects-technology. html#ixzz2PPhpfXnD According to the textbook â€Å"healthcare companies must appoint a privacy officer to develop privacy policies and procedure as well as train employees on how to handle sensitive patient data. These actions must address the potential for unauthorized access to data by outside hackers as well as the more likely threat of internal misuse of data. Some medical personnel and privacy advocates fear that between the increasing demands for disclosure of patient information and the inevitable complete digitization of medical records, patient confidentiality will be lost† (George Reynolds 2012). Confidentiality is one of the most important ethical issues in health care. Maintaining confidentiality is becoming more difficult. While information technology can improve the quality of care by enabling the instant retrieval and access of information through various means, including mobile devices, and the more rapid exchange of medical information by a greater number of people who can contribute to the care and treatment of a patient, it also can increase the risk of unauthorized use, access and disclosure of confidential patient information. Within healthcare organizations, personal information contained in medical records now is reviewed not only by physicians and nurses but also by professionals in many clinical and administrative support areas. The meaning of patient confidentiality is that personal and medical information that are provided to the providers of healthcare cannot be disclosed to others not unless the patient has provided authorization for the release. In fact permission is not supposed to be granted to health care professionals to disclose the patient’s medical information. This is because there could be professional or personal problems by disclosing the medical information of the patients for patients depends on the physicians in keeping private their medical information. Normally it becomes difficult for medical records to be completely sealed up. The greatest factor that affects confidentiality is when clinicians turn to share medical information as case studies. In any case such data happens to be published in professional journals, then the patient’s identity is never divulged and the entire data that identifies the patient become either eliminated or changed. However, if at all the confidentiality is breached; the patient may have the right of suing (Claire McGowan, 2012). The cost of upgrading the organization and bringing it into the 21st century will be rather expensive however it is important to understand that this is a necessary expense and the new computer system will pay for itself in a relatively short time. HIT can raise quality and can also generate the statistics to prove you have done so. Perceived higher quality allows organizations to increase market share and to negotiate higher prices from payers whose members demand access to those organizations, even if they have to pay slightly higher premiums to get it. In a competitive fee-for-service environment, greater market share increases revenues and may also permit some economies of scale  (Morton Shekell, Keeler EB, 2006). The use of health information technology (HIT) has been promoted as having tremendous promise in improving the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, quality, and safety of medical care delivery in our nation’s healthcare system. The realization of these benefits is especially important in the context of reports that show five years of consecutive annual double-digit increases in healthcare costs and increases in the numbers of adverse health events. At the same time, reports have suggested that 50 percent of all healthcare dollars are wasted on inefficient processes. Legislators and organizational leaders at the federal and state levels have emphasized the need for healthcare to follow the example of many non-healthcare industries, in which implementation of computer information technology has been critical in increasing the accessibility of mission-critical information, automating labor-intensive and inefficient processes, and minimizing human error (Morton Shekell, Keeler EB, 2006). Special computer servers should be utilized to store private patient information. There should also be special firewall programs and other safety software installed on the computers like virus protection. These protections must be available on any computer that is used to store and/or exchange patient medical information. These precautions also impact the use of fax machines and computer printers as well. Anytime patient information is exchanged via facsimile, there must be redaction of confidential information or a limitation on who will access the incoming faxes. The same issue must also be addressed with use of computer printers. In other words, the printer must be accessible only by authorized personnel. Physician-patient relationships are very important. Ethical dilemmas also extend to safety of the patient and other healthcare workers, because medical records are meant to convey all information to other healthcare providers. A patient’s request that healthcare-related information be kept off the record, places the physician in a difficult situation. While physicians are obligated to protect a patient’s private information and to maintain confidentiality, they are also obligated to keep accurate records of relevant information, to avoid harm to patients, to make treatment recommendations that are likely to benefit the patient, to be responsible stewards of healthcare resources. Key considerations include the precedent the act will establish and both the short-term and long-term consequences of the act to the patient and others. While electing to prioritize confidentiality may appear justified or inappropriate in the immediate situation, reflection on the implications is important. The physician should work with the patient to assess the options available, such as honoring the request, documenting fully, documenting only what is necessary, and using alternative language. How present is the idiom ‘off the record’ in healthcare? In closing, right to confidentiality of a person on the part of the providers of healthcare is held by government as well as the law. Such position is reaffirmed as well in the language of the codes of professional conduct. Both the ethical and the legal principles of confidentiality tend to be rooted in a set of values concerning the relationship between the patient and the caregiver. It is important for a patient to trust a caregiver in order to facilitate a warm and accepting relationship to develop. References Shekelle P, Morton SC, Keeler EB. â€Å"Costs and Benefits of Health Information Technology. Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments† No. 132. April 2006. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. ih. gov/books/NBK37992/ â€Å"How present is the idiom ‘off the record’ in healthcare? † Medical Ethics Advisor September 1, 2011: Vol. 27, No. 9 pp. 97-108 Retrieved from UMUC Library McGowan, Claire. â€Å"Patients’ Confidentiality† Critical Care Nurse Vol. 32, No. 5 October 2012 pp. 61-65 Retrieved from UMUC Library Reynolds, George W. (2012). Ethics in information technol ogy (4th ed. ). Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, Inc. Nogara, J. S. â€Å"How HIPAA Law Affects Technology† Retrieved April 3, 2013 http://www. ehow. com/about_5220807_hipaa-law-affects-technology. html How to cite Ethical Issues in Healthcare, Papers

Knowledge Ideology and Politics of Schooling †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Ideology and Politics of Schooling. Answer: Introduction Coca-Cola Company was created by Dr. John S. Pemberton in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia. It is the most popular and largest-selling soft drink in history and the most acknowledgeable brands globally. Coca-Cola was initially offered as the fountain beverage at Jacobs Pharmacy. The Company serves a global market as a beverage organization. New Coke is the product that failed after its launch in 1985. Original Coke brand was already popular and worth fair competition with Pepsi. The decision to terminate Original formula was irrational. Coca-Cola underestimated the power of its original brand leading to a widespread boycott in the US. The first concept emerging from the background and relevant to post 1 is market research. This concept applies to topic 2 and hence appropriate for post 1. In the text, poor customer knowledge is highlighted. It is outlined as one of the barriers to the generation of the idea. Because there was insufficient or inadequate market research, this is a concept that I have included in this first post. Market research is the activity or action of collecting info regarding the preferences and needs of the consumers. According to Crawford and Di-Benedetto (2015), the first phase of new product process entails the identification and selection of the relevant opportunities. According to Sharp (2017), market research encompasses collecting and analysing the info relating to a prevailing or a potential. This will include the buyer behaviour; customer needs as well as how the customers perceive offering of the organization and its rivals. Kotler and Keller (2016, p. 121) held that useful market research allows the organization to acquire timely, accurate as well as actionable info regarding competition, consumers, and their brands. A successful product launch is thus a product of a marketing insight discovery and implication understanding as it offshoots a brand growth. Suitable market research by Coke-Cola would have guaranteed a complete knowledge of its old consumer's buying behaviour besides their needs about the public perception of the original brand. There was hence a marketing research failure as Coca-Cola failed to carry out adequate research into the perception of the public of the original brand, despite carrying out the surveys, taste tests, focus group and segmentation. This is because taste testing results were only subject to systematic bias with the majority of such tests being done blind. Hence taste was the single factor under assessment and therefore never paid attention to the packaging of the drink. Moreover, the research on approached the consumers in Atlanta thereby skipping the other states regarding segmentation. Surveys entailed simple closed-ended questions and were never likely to unearth the deep feeling by consumers about Coke. Indeed, wrongly framed question generated wrong outcomes that are hence proving fatal to the New Coke. Regarding Focus Groups, Cokes solely deviation from the standard sequence in the market research was that the companys qualitative survey of individuals seemed to have been carried out prior instead of after the focus groups. Coke also errored by generalizing the focus groups yet it was well-known to them that for the US, the focus groups outcomes always vary from region to region. This led to conflicting outcome between those of surveys and focus groups. The market researcher also failed because it never took into account, the buying patterns of consumers. The firm gave all responses same weight when assessing consumer opinions despite the 80/20 rule. Proper application of this rule would have ensured the company understood the investment that generate greatest outcome. They would have then estimated the cost linked to less productive techniques. This would have improved the organizations marketing efficiency and returns. Forum Post 2 Topic 5 7 The identified concept relevant to post two is the market research and it associated relationship to concept testing relevant to topic 5. Concept testing is the act of ascertaining or testing the consumers feedback to an idea before the actual product/brand is launched or introduced in the market. This process is designed to allow businesses to focus on the development and improvement of commodities and set priorities to obtain a larger market share (Vaquero, Martn, Reinhardt Gurtner, 2016). It leads to easier and greater acceptance by new brand launch consumers. It helps the organization effectively channelize the time, labor and effort despite limited market research, including growth and marketing resources in the new brand development. This helps in broad analysis and evaluation of the promotional, advertising, packaging and the strategic concepts. Adequate market research during concept testing stage offer sufficient comprehension of consumers needs/wants, and buyer behaviour g uaranteeing suitable brand name choice. This would have helped consumers to fathom the real nature of the new brand. Moreover, it would have helped them understand the characteristics of the products as well as similar prices thereby effectively competing as feasible against the Pepsis established- and extremely trusted-sustained competitive brand. The company failed flat foot in its concept testing. This is because it only considered taste as the single significant cause of Cokes plunge in market share in the early 1980s and 1970s. Thus, without understanding the relationship between market research and concept testing, the company went ahead and developed New Coke which was much sweeter than original-formula Coke. Moreover, the Company only focused on nearly 200,000 blind product taste test in the US where over 53% preferred the New Coke over Pepsi and original formula. However, it was a big mistake for Coca-Cola to introduce New Coke and withdraw the original formula from the market yet they had not done effective concept testing to understand its connection to market research. The flaws in the market research taste tests carried out accounted for the lack of a clear association between concept testing and market research. Coca-Cola irrationally assumed that taste was the driving force being the consumer buying behaviour without appreciating the originality. The consumers were thus never informed that solely one product would be marketed. Therefore, the consumers were never asked whether they would forego the original formula for New Coke. This was a direct failure of the concept testing. Moreover, the failure was occasioned by the fact that no one acknowledged the symbolic value, as well as emotional engagement consumers, had with the original Coke. This, however, could have been recognizing if useful concept testing would have been carried out during the market research. Therefore, the bottom line here is that suitable variables which would impact the problem solution were excluded in both market research and concept testing. This market research is centr al. Correct market research by Coca-Cola would have helped the organization gain decision power in concept testing to realize that it was unnecessary to forego the original formula. Forum Post 2 Topic 8 10 Product line replacement is the identified concept for this post. It entails substituting the existing product/brand with a new one. This concept is suitable for understanding the failure of the New Coke. This is because Coca-Cola was trying to replace the original formula with New Coke which led to its failure. The question to be addressed is that, How should Coke have managed the replacement of the Original Coke with the New Coke. Various strategic options were available to Coca-Cola. These options included butt-on productive replacement; low-season switch; high-season switch; roll-in, roll-out; downgrading; and splitting channels. Butt-on product replacement is whereby an existing product is dropped immediately the organization announces the replacement. From this definition, it is clear that Coca-Cola settled for the first concept: butt-on product replacement. This is because when the New Coke was launched, the company just withdrew the Original formula in the market. However, Coca-Cola never fully understood the complexity associated with the decision on when to launch a new brand. There was a need for the company to understand the three critical forces: competitive environment, customer expectations, and the profit margins. Only firms that consider all the three elements in planning the launch thrive like Intel. For example, there was a heated up competitive environment in the soft drink industry occasioned by Pepsi. The mistake done by Coca-Cola is that it never carefully considered the expectations of the Original formula users which would help it concentrate on the improvement of the Original brand rather than replacing it and withdrawing it entirely from the market (Vaquero, Reinhardt and Gurtner, 2016). From the above case, it was essential for Coca-Cola to undertake effective considerations of the three elements in launching the New Coke. This is because it rushed into making a decision that was not backed by careful considerations. After it was convinced that Pepsi was increasingly gaining the market share, it never bothered to undertake valuable considerations to understand the best replacement method that could have worked while still retaining the Original Formula. Coca-Cola would have used downgrading or splitting channels. In the downgrading, the Coca-Cola would have continued with Original Formula product alongside the New Coke, but with declined support. These would not have led to the boycott of the product hence the failure and huge losses incurred. Splitting channels would have also worked effectively by putting a new item in different channels and even divert the current product into other channels. This would have given the company enough time to understand the market and the needs of the old customers. It would have thus ensured that the organization appreciates the effects of originality on the consumer buying behaviour. This would be effective since it would have saved both money and time wasted in the processes leading to the launch of the failed New Coke. There was a need for Coca-Cola to understand impacts or the implications of what the Company was engaging in before rushing to launch the New Coke and disbanding Original formula. Reference list Crawford, C. M., and Di Benedetto, C., 2015. New products management. 11th edn, McGraw Hill, New York. Crawford, C.M., 2008. New products management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Keller, K.L. and Kotler, P., 2016. Marketing management. Pearson. Sharp, R., 2017.Knowledge, ideology and the politics of schooling: Towards a Marxist analysis of education(Vol. 50). Routledge. Vaquero Martn, M., Reinhardt, R. and Gurtner, S., 2016. Stakeholder integration in new product development: a systematic analysis of drivers and firm capabilities. RD Management, 46(S3), pp.1095-1112.

My Last Duchess Analysis Essay Example For Students

My Last Duchess Analysis Essay My Last DuchessIn â€Å"My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning, we are introduced to the dramatic monologue. In a dramatic monologue, the speaker unknowingly reveals his personality through his speech. In this poem, the audience listens to a conversation between the Duke and a nameless envoy who are making the final arrangements for the Duke’s second wedding. Strangely, the Duke brings out a portrait of his former wife whom he rambles incessantly about. Through the Duke’s ramblings, we learn that he is a self-centered, arrogant, and completely chauvinistic man, asserting emotions of both power and weakness. The Duke is a materialistic, proud man. He has a high rank in nobility and a well-respected name. Thus, he tries to portray himself as powerful and sophisticated. But his underlying motives shine through and we see the Duke as jealous and possessive. The Duke was formerly married and this marriage ended tragically. His last Duchess had a wandering eye and a smile for everyone. This infuriated the Duke – â€Å"She smiled, no doubt, whene’er I passed her; but who passed without much the same smile?† (line 44). The Duke must have been a Leo because he always had to be in the spotlight, his pride injured when the attention was not there. He felt he should be the only one in his Duchess’s life to cause her joy or any sort of emotion, really. â€Å"All and each would draw from her alike the approving speech, or blush at least. She thanked men – good! But thanked someone I know not how – as if she ranked my gift of a nine hundred year old name with anybody’s gift,†(lines29-34). The Duke feels that he has made this woman. Who was she before he bestowed the almighty name on her? How dare she not show her full thanks! The Duke was like many men we see today – envious and completely ridiculous. Unfortunately for the Duchess, her innocent flirtations must have boiled the Duke over the edge. He could not talk to her about his feelings, â€Å"Even had you skill in speech – which I have not,† (line 35). And even if he was able, he probably would not because this would injure his ego even more. Sure maybe she would listen, but now she knows she has the upperhand over the Duke. It is all a control issue with these two. â€Å"And if she let herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse – E’en then would be some stooping; and I choose to never stoop,†(lines 39-42). So he decides on a different plan. â€Å"I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together,†(line 45). From this statement, we can infer that the Duke became enraged to the point he hired someone to kill his wife. It is one of those nice deals with power marriages – you do not listen to my command, you get blown away. Then we wonder w hy the divorce rate in America is 50%. All this has not changed the Duke, however. In this upcoming marriage, the Duke will act in the same way. That is the whole purpose in showing the envoy the portrait. It is a forewarning to what will happen to the next wife if she does not listen to her master – she will end up living through a portrait on the wall. The Duke does not even care about the money he is making from this marriage, he only wants another young, beautiful woman to control. â€Å"The Count your master’s known munificence is ample warrant that no just pretense of mine for dowry will be disallowed; though his fair daughter’s self, as I avowed at my starting, is my object,†(49-52). Women are not people to the Duke, but rather creatures to tame, which he implies when he shows the envoy one of his other possessions. â€Å"Notice Neptune though, taming a sea horse, thought a rarity, which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me,†(54-56). .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .postImageUrl , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:hover , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:visited , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:active { border:0!important; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:active , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nationalism and patriotism EssayThe Duke was a women-thirsty, power-hungry man. He knew what he wanted and if he did not get it, he took drastic measures to insure his success in further endeavours. In this second marriage, he will either be jilted or have complete success for the envoy will go back with the story of the portrait and the Count will either hide his daughter or give her away without any qualms. If he does get left at the altar though, it would not even bother the Duke. He would just have more time to play his game of hunter and the little prey. English Essays

The Three Musketeers Essays - Swashbuckler Films,

The Three Musketeers Alexander Dumas ?Forgive me, Lady de Wardes,? he said, ?for rousing your hatred by my blackguardly conduct. I in return forgive you for murdering Constance Bonacieux and for your savage attacks on me. I forgive you and pity you. Die in peace.? Characters d'Artagnan- a young, attractive Gascon of eighteen. d'Artagnan is haughty, proud, and extremely intelligent. He is one of the main characters is the book, and we follow him through his many turmoils and triumphs; as he eventually defeats the evil of the real world. Porthos- a proud, experienced Musketeer. Porthos is a true friend with a quick temper, and a smart mouth. Nonetheless, Porthos is intelligent, cautious, and has a wild passion for everything he does. Aramis- a proper, friendly gentleman of twenty-three. Aramis is proud, yet demure, with a very clean-cut appearance. Aramis is a man of scripture and deep thought, often the one with the brilliant ideas. Athos- a cool, courageous Musketeer, strikingly handsome, and proud of his status. Athos lets nothing stand in his way, yet is polite and friendly, attracting friends easily. Planchet- d'Artagnan's servant, a tremendously devoted man, trusted and intelligent. Monsieur de Treville- a truly good man, captain of the Musketeers, who has a pure heart and a love for his Musketeers. Monsieur Bonacieux- a small wily man, not very gifted in the intelligence department, easily swayed by others' personal opinions. d'Artagnan's landlord. Constance Bonacieux- Monsieur Bonacieux's wife, a young, beautiful woman, with a good soul. D'Artagnan's mistress, and maid of the wardrobe of the Queen. Lady de Winter- an evil spy for the Cardinal, Lady de Winter is an extremely beautiful mastermind with the ability to make anything go her way. Kitty- Lady de Winter's innocently pretty maid, who falls hopelessly in love with d'Artagnan, and helps him in his exploits against Lady de Winter. Lord de Winter- Lady de Winter's charming brother, who helps in the temporary capture of the evil Milady. The Three Musketeers is set in the mid to late 1620s, in Paris, France. Paris in this period is the bustling center of excitement, trials, and betrayal. The Three Musketeers is about four grand friends and their amazing travels and exciting exploits. Living in glamorous Paris, France, d'Artagnan, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis get deeply involved in the political aspects and scams of the day. With enemies wherever he turns, d'Artagnan is forced to go into hiding, sending his intelligent servant and his best friends to take care of business. Gradually, the complicated mess of French and English monarchy comes together, revealing a way to overcome the evil of the outstandingly beautiful Lady de Winter, one of the Cardinal's best spies. I. Three Gifts A. d'Artagnan arrives in Meung 1. The strange, dark man 2. Confrontation 3. Milady 4. Stolen! B. d'Artagnan enters Paris II. Monsieur de Treville's Ante-room A. Monsieur de Treville's house 1. The courtyard a. Porthos and Aramis III. The Audience A. Introductions B. Athos C. Letter to the Director D. The chase IV. Shoulder, Shoulder-Belt, and Handkerchief A. The sore shoulder 1. Challenge B. Another Accident 1. The shoulder-belt 2. Challenge C. The Handkerchief 1. Accusation 2. Challenge V. Musketeers and Guards A. Athos B. The Seconds 1. realizations C. The Cardinal's Guards D. Fight E. Friends F. Planchet VI. A Court Intrigue A. Finances B. Poor 1. Dinner Invitations C. The Small Man 1. Explanations 2. The Kidnapping VII. Relaying Information A. A Plan B. ?All For One and One For All!? VIII. Madame Bonacieux A. Ambush! 1. Monsieur Bonacieux's arrest B. Cross Examination C. Madame Bonacieux D. Rescue E. Constance F. Another Secret G. Love H. Escape I. Monsieur de Laport IX. The Plot Thickens A. A Curious Romantic Attachment B. Aramis's House 1. The cloaked woman C. Following D. Escort E. Athos's Arrest F. The Pair at the Lourve 1. The Duke of Buckingham X. The Man of Meung A. Monsieur Bonacieux's Attendance With the Cardinal 1. A new and Faithful Servant B. The Letter to London XI. Soldiers and Magistrates A. Athos's Cross-examination B. Athos's Attendance With the Cardinal C. Monsieur de Treville, the King, the Cardinal, and Athos 1. The Police report and the soldier's honor D. Release E. The Duke of Buckingham is Paris XII. The Keeper of the Seals A. Plotting B. Twelve Diamond Tags C. The Visitor and the Search of the Queen D. The Planning of the Ball 1. The request XIII. The Lover and the Husband E. Letter to Buckingham F. The Deadly Secret G. A Pledge 1. The Secret Discussion 2. The Truth Is Revealed 3. An Important Decision XIV. The Journey A. Four Friends Get Leave B. Breakfast in Chantilly 1. Porthos's duel C. Three Against Eight in Beauvais 1. The Ambush On The Road D. Two Friends in Amiens 1. Hullabaloo in the stables 2.

Catcher in the Rye Essays (637 words) - Literary Realism

Development of Themes In Wuthering Heights, Bronte starts descring her setting by saying,?usually a large mansion or remote castle which is dark and foreboding: usually isolated from neighbors? (Bonte). It is obvious that the the dark and isolated environment described at the beginning of the novel foreshadows the gloomy atmosphere found in the rest of the book. Many authors set the tone, setting, or theme by using the first chapter or first few chapters. In The Catcher in the Rye, the opening character that Salinger creates sets thethemes of the story. The beginning of the book sets the story by revealing three major themes; like the loss of innocence, being isolated from society, and the struggles of becoming an adult. The opening of the story introduces the loss in innocence theme. Holden does not want to grow up. The loss of innocence is practically forced upon him by his society. It is clear that Holden?s society is forcing a loss of innocence upon him when he sates: ?Most guys at Pencey just talked about having sexual intercourse with girls all the time? (Salinger 37). Here, Holden's innocence is proved by the contrasting experiences of the boys around him. Holden?s differences in actions show that he is not like them and he is still innocent. Holden?s society is forcing him to lose his innocence in order to be like them. If people around Holden are losing his innocence, it is inevitable that he eventually will as well. By introducing this at the beginning of the book, it foreshadows Holden?s struggles in the later chapters. From the very beginning of the novel the theme of isolation is also present. In the first scene of The Catcher in the Rye Holden is alone, isolated from society. It is clear that Holden is isolated when he states: ?I remember around abound three o?clock that afternoon I was standing way the hell up on the top of Thomsen Hill, right next to this crazy cannon that was in the Revolutionary War and all. [?] because practically the whole school except me was there [?]? (Salinger 2). This in said at the very beginning of the book, showing us that Holden is disconnected with others. Holden is isolated from society and additionally society criticizes him. This upsets him, but he continues to push these people away causing a continuous isolation. The author clearly introduces Holden?s loneliness right away, making sure the reader realizes it. The struggle of becoming an adult is also a theme that is introduced at the beginning of the story. The moment Holden realizes he is growing up; he immediately doesn?t want it to happen. It is obvious that Holden has trouble with accepting this process when the author states: Game, my ass. Some game. If you get on the side, where there aren?t any hot-shots, then what?s a game about it? Nothing. No game? (Salinger 8). This quotes shows that Holden thinks everything in life is a game. Holden believe it is all unfair. Even though he doesn?t want to play the game, he knows he has to, because it is part of life. He believes that he has been put on the bad side. He would like to grow up in a world that never changes. This introduces the challenges Holden has with growing u The author of The Catcher in the Rye uses the themes of the loss of innocence, being isolated from society, and the struggles of becoming an adult in order to introduce the book. Throughout the book these themes carry out and go more in depth. Many authors use the beginning of their works to introduce topics or themes that are reoccurring or symbolic. These themes ultimately connect to the overall meaning of the text.

Industrial Relations Between the UK and Fiji Essays

Industrial Relations Between the UK and Fiji Essays Industrial Relations Between the UK and Fiji Essay Industrial Relations Between the UK and Fiji Essay The industrial relations study in the UK, has been going through an era of significant reflection and self-analysis from which it appears to be emerging something of an agreement about the essentials for further development. In terms of employment relations, it’s the effort of a company or business to manage the relationships amongst an employer and employees. An employment relation, however, deals with issues relating to the employees and its benefits. The current society of most countries adapts employment relations programs and its policies to prevent the uprising problems at work. In terms of industrial relations, the main actors that play important roles are the employers and management of the organisation, third-party agencies such as state and lastly are employees and their representatives such the trade unions. The following will essay will be elaborating upon the main features of employment and industrial relations in UK and would further elaborate the roles of the th ree main parties. Besides, the essay will highlight selected features of industrial relations applied in Ministry of Labour/ Employment in Fiji. As both countries differ from each other the application of industrial relations in each country may also differ or may be comparable. The origins of industrial relations were traced back from United Kingdom. The process of industrialization first started from UK around the late 18th century (1780’s), hence, UK was the first country to be industrialised [CITATION DrA16 l. 1033 ]. The three parties to ER and IR in UK which are trade unions, employers and the state or government. During the mid of the 19th century around 1850’s Trade Unions were formed in UK, thus the first unions developed were the craft unions.The skilled craftsman’s had to endure a lot to become recognized. They were formed by the workers across a number of industries, as these workers from different industries could be a member of a general u

ISHAYA AJET HOSEA Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

ISHAYA AJET HOSEA Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers ISHAYA AJET HOSEA 130151 Investing in Africa's Future Africa University, [A.U] Institute of peace, Leadership and governance, [I.P.L.G] Master's in Public Policy and Governance (MPPG) Mutare, Zimbabwe Policy Impact on the Environment ( PEP513 ) Lecturer: Mrs. Bere Question: Using a case study discuss renewable sources of energy explaining their limitations as alternatives sources of energy on the African continent: Case: Renewable Energy in Nigeria Sign.. Due Date: 30 March 2018 ABSTRACT All human activities be contingent on one form of energy or another. Energy cannot be created or destroy ed , but can only adjust from one form to a newer . It is a very important substance for economic development of any society or country. Energy is fundamental to human activities. Despite the importance of energy to socio-economic development, Nigeria has not been able to generate the minimum required amount of energy it needs f or her population of over 180 Million Renewable energy is derived from a source that can be regenerated within a reasonably short time through natural sources. These sources include Solar, Wind , Hydro, Biomass, Geothermal . Nigeria has set for herself the target of being within the 20 largest economies in the world by 2020, with the challenges of leadership problem , rising population, unemployment as well as low access to energy and the challenges of climate change. Development and sustenance of renewable energy have been identified to be the most suitable . Energy from these renewable sources can be transformed to supplement the final energy from conventional energy needed to grow the e conomy in a sustainable manner. Keywords: Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass, Geothermal INTRODUCTION Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human time scale such as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, Tides, Waves and Geothermal heat (Donald, 2016) . Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas; electricity generation, hot water, motor fuels and rural energy services. According to (Armstrong, 2016) r apid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys, there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as Solar power and Wind power. At national level, at least 30 nations around world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply (Amory, 2016) . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. While many renewable energy projects are large-scale , renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. United Nation's secretary general Ban Ki-moon has restated that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity (Leone, 2011) . RENEWABLE ENERGY, GREEN POWER AND CONVENTIONAL POWER- SEE THE DIFFERENCE Renewable Energy Renewable energy includes resources that rely on fuel sources that restore themselves over short periods of time and do not diminish. Such fuel sources include sun, wind, moving water, organic plant and waste material (eligible biomass) and the earth's heat (geothermal). Although, the impacts are small, some renewable energy technologies have an impact on the environment al trade-offs associated with issues such as fisheries and land use. Green Power Green power is a subset of renewable energy and represents those renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefits. Green power is defined as electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, eligible biomass and low-impact small hydroelectric sources. People often buy into green power for avoided environmental impacts/pollution and its greenhouse gas reduction benefits. Green power sources produce electricity with an environmental profile superior to conventional power technologies and produce no fossil-fuel based greenhouse gas emission. Environmental power assessment (EPA) requires that green power sources must also have been built within the last 15 years in order to support NEW' renewable energy development. Conventional Power Conventional power includes the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil) and the nuclear fission of uranium. Fossil fuels have environmental costs from mining, drilling or extraction and emit greenhouse gases and air pollution during combustion (Agency International Energy, 2006) . Although, nuclear power generation emits